The authors suggest that open discussions of UAP among academics could enable greater academic involvement in UAP-related research. The findings suggest that many US academics across disciplines consider academia's involvement in research into UAP to be important and may be cautiously willing to engage with research into UAP, particularly if others they consider to be reputable within their field do so. Thirty-seven percent of participants ranked the importance of further research into UAP as very important or absolutely essential, while 64% considered academia's involvement in UAP-related research to be very important or absolutely essential. 43% said they would be more likely to conduct academic research into UAP if a reputable scholar in their discipline did so and 55% said they would be more likely to conduct research into UAP if they could secure funding. Thirty-nine percent of all participants reported that they did not know what the most likely explanations for UAP were, while 21% attributed them to natural events and 13% to devices of unknown intelligence.Īlthough only 4% of participants reported that they had conducted academic research related to UAP, 36% (524) reported some degree of interest in conducting research in this area. ![]() Nineteen percent of participants (276) reported that they or someone they knew had witnessed UAP and a further 9% (128) reported that they or someone they knew may have witnessed UAP. Of the 14 different disciplines represented, 10% of participants worked in political science, 10% worked in physics, 10% in psychology and 6% in engineering. Participants, who were 62% male and 80% white, were asked about their perceptions of, experiences with and opinions of UAP. The survey was sent to 39,984 academics and the response rate was 4%. ![]() Marissa Yingling, Charlton Yingling and Bethany Bell surveyed professors, associate professors, and assistant professors from 144 US universities across 14 academic disciplines in 2022. An understanding of these effects is needed to improve the esthetics of dental restorations.The findings, which are based on a survey of 1,460 US academics, are published in Humanities and Social Science Communications and highlight that many academics consider the evaluation of UAP to be worthy of academic scrutiny. Chromatic adaptation, translucency changes, and the double layer effect appear to be the major effects rather than metamerism. Therefore, changes in the translucency of dental enamel due to illumination or desiccation alters the overall color of the tooth. ![]() The color of teeth and porcelain crowns is determined by the "double layer effect." This means that the apparent color is the result of diffuse reflectance from the inner dentin or opaque porcelain layer through the outer translucent layer. Diffuse illumination is recommended for color matching. Surface gloss interferes with the correct identification of tooth and porcelain color due to specular reflection. ![]() The measurement of tooth color by means of an instrument appears to be a long range solution, but is not yet practical. Chromatic adaptation by observers has been identified as a major source of error in taking shades under artificial light. A number of optical phenomena have been applied to an understanding of the appearance of dental porcelain restorations.
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